
## Precision Sensing at 77 GHz

Automotive millimeter-wave radar provides robust sensing capabilities immune to adverse weather conditions like fog, heavy rain, and direct glare. Modern 77-81 GHz radar sensors utilize frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) chirps and multi-input multi-output (MIMO) virtual arrays to achieve fine angular resolution in both azimuth and elevation.



## The Road to Sub-THz Frequency Bands

As 5G deployments mature, research into 6G networks has shifted toward exploring spectrum beyond 100 GHz. Sub-terahertz frequencies (100 GHz to 300 GHz) promise immense bandwidth capabilities capable of delivering multi-gigabit to terabit-per-second wireless data rates.

### Core Challenges in Terahertz Transceivers

- **High Atmospheric Attenuation:** Mitigation through massive antenna arrays and narrow adaptive beam steering.
- **Power Generation in Silicon:** Enhancing power-added efficiency (PAE) in advanced CMOS and SiGe BiCMOS processes.
- **Interconnect Losses:** Developing low-loss substrate materials and integrated waveguide transitions.

SAGE associates are working on pioneering curriculum modules to help institutions train students in sub-THz modeling, active electronically scanned arrays (AESA), and spatial multiplexing algorithms.



## Bridging the Frontier Between Academic Research and Commercialization

In an increasingly connected world, high-frequency semiconductor design, microwave systems, and next-generation wireless communications are foundational to global technological sovereignty. From ultra-wideband radar front-ends to 6G sub-terahertz transceivers, modern communication architectures demand unprecedented power efficiency, spectral agility, and integration density.

<Quote
  content="Our mission at SAGE is to transform theoretical breakthroughs into physical, tape-out ready RF components while preparing the next generation of visionary engineers."
  author="Dr. Prasad Shastry"
  cite="SAGE Global Keynote Address"
/>

### Key Dimensions of the Research-to-Product Pipeline

1. **System-Level Simulation & Verification:** Utilizing industry-standard EDA software for comprehensive electromagnetic and circuit modeling.
2. **Semiconductor Innovation:** Leveraging Gallium Nitride (GaN) and Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) for high-frequency, high-power efficiency.
3. **Advanced Packaging & Thermal Management:** Addressing thermal dissipation in densely integrated 3D multi-chip modules.
4. **Empowering Young Engineers:** Direct hands-on laboratory workshops that take participants from the first circuit schematic to fabricated, measured prototypes.

Through industry partnerships with Keysight Technologies, DRDO laboratories, and premier technical universities, SAGE continues to foster an end-to-end ecosystem for wireless hardware innovation.



## Building Self-Reliance in High-Performance Antenna Systems

Achieving self-reliance in high-reliability airborne and naval antenna systems requires seamless coordination between electromagnetics simulation, specialized substrate manufacturing, and rigorous environmental stress screening.

Industry and defense researchers from CSIR-NAL and SAGE shared vital insights into radome compensation, conformal phased array packaging, and EMI/EMC compliance testing.



## A Visionary Initiative for Engineering Excellence

Shastry Associates Global Enterprises (SAGE) was formally launched at a grand ceremony in Bengaluru, graced by eminent dignitaries including Mr. A. S. Kiran Kumar (Former Secretary, Department of Space) and Mr. Sanjay Nayak (Co-Founder & Former CEO, Tejas Networks).

Founded to foster high-level mentorship, practical engineering workshops, and global academic-industrial partnerships, SAGE aims to catalyze India's evolution into a premier technology product nation.



## Revolutionizing High-Power 5G RF Transmission

Gallium Nitride on Silicon Carbide (GaN-on-SiC) has emerged as the premier semiconductor technology for base-station power amplifiers. Offering superior breakdown voltages, saturated electron velocity, and thermal conductivity compared to traditional Silicon LDMOS, GaN enables high power density in compact Massive MIMO arrays.

### Key Focus Areas:

1. **Doherty PA Configurations:** Optimizing back-off efficiency for signals with high Peak-to-Average Power Ratios (PAPR).
2. **Digital Pre-Distortion (DPD):** Linearizing non-linear amplifier responses to comply with stringent EVM and ACLR standards.
3. **Advanced Packaging:** Minimizing parasitic inductances and enhancing heat dissipation under continuous high-power operation.



## Where Microwave Engineering Meets Quantum Physics

Superconducting qubits operate at millikelvin temperatures and rely on microwave pulses in the 4 GHz to 8 GHz range for state initialization, manipulation, and measurement. Precision microwave engineering is essential for scaling quantum computer architectures.

### Critical Engineering Elements:

- **Cryogenic High-Electron-Mobility Transistor (HEMT) LNAs:** Achieving noise temperatures approaching the quantum limit.
- **Parametric Amplification:** Josephson Parametric Amplifiers (JPAs) for single-shot readout fidelity.
- **Crosstalk Suppression:** Micro-machined shields and superconducting transmission lines to prevent qubit decoherence.



## Advancing Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems in Microwave Engineering

The two-day National Symposium on RF MEMS jointly organized by SAGE and BMS Institute of Technology in Bengaluru focused on cutting-edge design, micromachining, and packaging of RF switches and phase shifters for satellite communications and radar systems.

Participants had the exclusive opportunity to visit the SITAR DRDO cleanroom facilities, gaining first-hand insight into semiconductor fabrication protocols and MEMS reliability screening.



## Convening Global Minds in Wireless Engineering

The First SAGE International Symposium on Advances in Wireless Technologies brought together leading researchers and industry veterans to discuss 5G/6G communication systems, energy harvesting, and semiconductor architectures at Prestige Falcon Tower in Bengaluru.

Keynote sessions covered high-efficiency supply modulated amplifiers, RF energy harvesting methodologies at IIT Kanpur, and state-of-the-art SoC design principles.



## A Milestone in Practical RF Engineering Education

The valedictory ceremony of the SAGE–RVCE–Keysight Hands-on Workshop marked a triumph for hands-on engineering education in India. 39 participants successfully simulated, fabricated, and tested GaAs FET RF amplifiers for 5G communication bands.

<Quote
  content="Watching students test their own fabricated circuits using Keysight network analyzers and seeing real-world S-parameters match theoretical models is the pinnacle of engineering learning."
  author="Dr. K. D. Nayak"
  cite="Former Director General, DRDO & SAGE Executive Board"
/>

The program demonstrated the tremendous impact of collaborative efforts uniting academic institutions, global software and instrumentation leaders, and seasoned scientific mentors.



## Transforming Space-Ground Connectivity

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) mega-constellations are transforming global internet distribution, disaster communication, and earth observation. Designing space-qualified RF hardware demands stringent size, weight, power, and cost (SWaP-C) optimization.

### Key Innovations:

1. **Beamforming ICs (BFICs):** Silicon-based multi-channel beamformers reducing payload mass.
2. **Radiation-Hardened RFICs:** Ensuring operational reliability over multi-year mission lifetimes.
3. **Direct RF Sampling ADCs/DACs:** Simplifying receiver architectures by digitizing at microwave frequencies.



## 36 Hours of Non-Stop Innovation at VIT Vellore

Under the flagship annual tech festival graVITas '25 at Vellore Institute of Technology, SENSORA brought together over 200 engineering enthusiasts for an intensive 36-hour hackathon and technology symposium.

Supported by title sponsor SAGE and ecosystem partner StartupTN, student teams developed working hardware prototypes across biomedical instrumentation, smart sensor meshes, and wireless telemetry systems.



## HISTORY, PURPOSE AND USAGE

Lorem ipsum, or lipsum as it is sometimes known, is dummy text used in laying out print, graphic or web designs. The passage is attributed to an unknown typesetter in the 15th century who is thought to have scrambled parts of Cicero's De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum for use in a type specimen book. It usually begins with:

## HEDONIST ROOTS

Until recently, the prevailing view assumed lorem ipsum was born as a nonsense text. “It's not Latin, though it looks like it, and it actually says nothing,” Before & After magazine [answered a curious reader](https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2290/what-does-the-filler-text-lorem-ipsum-mean/), “Its ‘words’ loosely approximate the frequency with which letters occur in English, which is why at a glance it looks pretty real.”

**As Cicero would put it, “Um, not so fast.”**

The placeholder text, beginning with the line “Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit”, looks like Latin because in its youth, centuries ago, it was Latin.

Richard McClintock, a Latin scholar from **Hampden-Sydney College**, is credited with discovering the source behind the ubiquitous filler text. In seeing a sample of lorem ipsum, his interest was piqued by consectetur—a genuine, albeit rare, Latin word. Consulting a Latin dictionary led McClintock to a passage from De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum (“On the Extremes of Good and Evil”), a first-century B.C. text from the Roman philosopher Cicero.

In particular, the garbled words of lorem ipsum bear an unmistakable resemblance to sections `1.10.32–33` of Cicero's work, with the most notable passage excerpted below:

McClintock's eye for detail certainly helped narrow the whereabouts of lorem ipsum's origin, however, the “how and when” still remain something of a mystery, with competing theories and timelines.

## Creation timelines for the standard lorem ipsum passage vary, with some citing the 15th century and others the 20th.

So how did the classical Latin become so incoherent? According to McClintock, a 15th century typesetter likely scrambled part of Cicero's De Finibus in order to provide placeholder text to mockup various fonts for a type specimen book.

- It's difficult to find examples of lorem ipsum in use before Letraset made it popular as a dummy text in the 1960s, although McClintock says he remembers coming across the lorem ipsum passage in a book of old metal type samples. So far he hasn't relocated where he once saw the passage, but the popularity of Cicero in the 15th century supports the theory that the filler text has been used for centuries.
- And anyways, as Cecil Adams reasoned, “[Do you really] think graphic arts supply houses were hiring classics scholars in the 1960s?” Perhaps. But it seems reasonable to imagine that there was a version in use far before the age of Letraset.

McClintock wrote to Before & After to explain his discovery;

It's difficult to find examples of lorem ipsum in use before Letraset made it popular as a dummy text in the 1960s, although McClintock says he remembers coming across the lorem ipsum passage in a book of old metal type samples. So far he hasn't relocated where he once saw the passage, but the popularity of Cicero in the 15th century supports the theory that the filler text has been used for centuries.

And anyways, as Cecil Adams reasoned, “[Do you really] think graphic arts supply houses were hiring classics scholars in the 1960s?” Perhaps. But it seems reasonable to imagine that there was a version in use far before the age of Letraset.



## HISTORY, PURPOSE AND USAGE

Lorem ipsum, or lipsum as it is sometimes known, is dummy text used in laying out print, graphic or web designs. The passage is attributed to an unknown typesetter in the 15th century who is thought to have scrambled parts of Cicero's De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum for use in a type specimen book. It usually begins with:

<Quote
  content="Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua."
  author="Janek"
  cite="https://loremipsum.io/"
/>

## HEDONIST ROOTS

Until recently, the prevailing view assumed lorem ipsum was born as a nonsense text. “It's not Latin, though it looks like it, and it actually says nothing,” Before & After magazine [answered a curious reader](https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2290/what-does-the-filler-text-lorem-ipsum-mean/), “Its ‘words’ loosely approximate the frequency with which letters occur in English, which is why at a glance it looks pretty real.”

As Cicero would put it, “Um, not so fast.”

The placeholder text, beginning with the line “Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit”, looks like Latin because in its youth, centuries ago, it was Latin.

Richard McClintock, a Latin scholar from Hampden-Sydney College, is credited with discovering the source behind the ubiquitous filler text. In seeing a sample of lorem ipsum, his interest was piqued by consectetur—a genuine, albeit rare, Latin word. Consulting a Latin dictionary led McClintock to a passage from De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum (“On the Extremes of Good and Evil”), a first-century B.C. text from the Roman philosopher Cicero.

In particular, the garbled words of lorem ipsum bear an unmistakable resemblance to sections 1.10.32–33 of Cicero's work, with the most notable passage excerpted below:

<Quote content="Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem."/>

McClintock's eye for detail certainly helped narrow the whereabouts of lorem ipsum's origin, however, the “how and when” still remain something of a mystery, with competing theories and timelines.

## Creation timelines for the standard lorem ipsum passage vary, with some citing the 15th century and others the 20th.

So how did the classical Latin become so incoherent? According to McClintock, a 15th century typesetter likely scrambled part of Cicero's De Finibus in order to provide placeholder text to mockup various fonts for a type specimen book.

*   It's difficult to find examples of lorem ipsum in use before Letraset made it popular as a dummy text in the 1960s, although McClintock says he remembers coming across the lorem ipsum passage in a book of old metal type samples. So far he hasn't relocated where he once saw the passage, but the popularity of Cicero in the 15th century supports the theory that the filler text has been used for centuries.
*   And anyways, as Cecil Adams reasoned, “\[Do you really] think graphic arts supply houses were hiring classics scholars in the 1960s?” Perhaps. But it seems reasonable to imagine that there was a version in use far before the age of Letraset.

McClintock wrote to Before & After to explain his discovery;

<ArticleImage src="/posts/test-article/example-image-2.png"/>

It's difficult to find examples of lorem ipsum in use before Letraset made it popular as a dummy text in the 1960s, although McClintock says he remembers coming across the lorem ipsum passage in a book of old metal type samples. So far he hasn't relocated where he once saw the passage, but the popularity of Cicero in the 15th century supports the theory that the filler text has been used for centuries.

And anyways, as Cecil Adams reasoned, “\[Do you really] think graphic arts supply houses were hiring classics scholars in the 1960s?” Perhaps. But it seems reasonable to imagine that there was a version in use far before the age of Letraset.

<Code
  code="process.stdin.resume();  
process.stdin.setEncoding('utf-8');  

let inputString = '';  
let currentLine = 0;  

process.stdin.on('data', inputStdin => {  
inputString += inputStdin;  
});  

process.stdin.on('end', _ => {  
inputString = inputString.trim().split('\n').map(string => {  
return string.trim();  
});  

main();      
});  
"
  language="js"
/>




## HISTORY, PURPOSE AND USAGE

Lorem ipsum, or lipsum as it is sometimes known, is dummy text used in laying out print, graphic or web designs. The passage is attributed to an unknown typesetter in the 15th century who is thought to have scrambled parts of Cicero's De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum for use in a type specimen book. It usually begins with:

<Quote
  content="Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua."
  author="Cicero"
  cite="https://loremipsum.io/"
/>

## HEDONIST ROOTS

Until recently, the prevailing view assumed lorem ipsum was born as a nonsense text. “It's not Latin, though it looks like it, and it actually says nothing,” Before & After magazine [answered a curious reader](https://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/2290/what-does-the-filler-text-lorem-ipsum-mean/), “Its ‘words’ loosely approximate the frequency with which letters occur in English, which is why at a glance it looks pretty real.”

**As Cicero would put it, “Um, not so fast.”**

The placeholder text, beginning with the line “Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit”, looks like Latin because in its youth, centuries ago, it was Latin.

Richard McClintock, a Latin scholar from **Hampden-Sydney College**, is credited with discovering the source behind the ubiquitous filler text. In seeing a sample of lorem ipsum, his interest was piqued by consectetur—a genuine, albeit rare, Latin word. Consulting a Latin dictionary led McClintock to a passage from De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum (“On the Extremes of Good and Evil”), a first-century B.C. text from the Roman philosopher Cicero.

In particular, the garbled words of lorem ipsum bear an unmistakable resemblance to sections `1.10.32–33` of Cicero's work, with the most notable passage excerpted below:

<Quote content="Neque porro quisquam est, qui dolorem ipsum quia dolor sit amet, consectetur, adipisci velit, sed quia non numquam eius modi tempora incidunt ut labore et dolore magnam aliquam quaerat voluptatem." />

McClintock's eye for detail certainly helped narrow the whereabouts of lorem ipsum's origin, however, the “how and when” still remain something of a mystery, with competing theories and timelines.

## Creation timelines for the standard lorem ipsum passage vary, with some citing the 15th century and others the 20th.

So how did the classical Latin become so incoherent? According to McClintock, a 15th century typesetter likely scrambled part of Cicero's De Finibus in order to provide placeholder text to mockup various fonts for a type specimen book.

- It's difficult to find examples of lorem ipsum in use before Letraset made it popular as a dummy text in the 1960s, although McClintock says he remembers coming across the lorem ipsum passage in a book of old metal type samples. So far he hasn't relocated where he once saw the passage, but the popularity of Cicero in the 15th century supports the theory that the filler text has been used for centuries.
- And anyways, as Cecil Adams reasoned, “[Do you really] think graphic arts supply houses were hiring classics scholars in the 1960s?” Perhaps. But it seems reasonable to imagine that there was a version in use far before the age of Letraset.

McClintock wrote to Before & After to explain his discovery;

<ArticleImage src="/posts/test-article/example-image-2.png" />

It's difficult to find examples of lorem ipsum in use before Letraset made it popular as a dummy text in the 1960s, although McClintock says he remembers coming across the lorem ipsum passage in a book of old metal type samples. So far he hasn't relocated where he once saw the passage, but the popularity of Cicero in the 15th century supports the theory that the filler text has been used for centuries.

And anyways, as Cecil Adams reasoned, “[Do you really] think graphic arts supply houses were hiring classics scholars in the 1960s?” Perhaps. But it seems reasonable to imagine that there was a version in use far before the age of Letraset.

<Code
  code="process.stdin.resume();  
process.stdin.setEncoding('utf-8');  
  
let inputString = '';  
let currentLine = 0;  
  
process.stdin.on('data', inputStdin => {  
    inputString += inputStdin;  
});  
  
process.stdin.on('end', _ => {  
    inputString = inputString.trim().split('\n').map(string => {  
        return string.trim();  
    });  
      
    main();      
});  
"
  language="js"
/>



## Celebrating Creative Interfaces in Engineering Software

The Awards Ceremony of the SAGE UI/UX Design Challenge, held at Ramaiah Institute of Technology in Bengaluru in collaboration with IEEE Bangalore Section, brought together students, designers, and industry mentors.

Finalists presented interactive prototypes and intuitive user dashboards tailored for complex microwave measurement and simulation workflows, demonstrating how design thinking enhances technical software usability.


SAGE News & Technical Insights

Next-Generation RF & Microwave Systems: Translating Breakthrough Research into Global Products

Articles & Technical Insights (2026)

Advances in 6G Terahertz Communication & Sub-THz Beamforming

High-Efficiency GaN Power Amplifiers for Massive MIMO Base Stations

Cryogenic RF & Quantum Microwave Circuit Interfaces

Next-Generation LEO Satellite Payload RF Front-Ends

Articles & Milestones (2025)

SAGE, RVCE, and Keysight Complete Hands-On 5G RF Amplifier Workshop

SENSORA graVITas '25: 36-Hour Hackathon Inspires Over 200 Innovators at VIT

National Symposium on RF MEMS at BMSIT Explores 5G & Defense Systems

Trends and Challenges in the Indigenization of Certified Radar Antennas

Foundational Announcements & Events (2024)

SAGE UI/UX Design Challenge Awards Ceremony Celebrates Engineering Talent

Millimeter-Wave Radar and Automotive Sensing Architectures

First SAGE International Symposium on Advances in Wireless Technologies Convened

Grand Launch of Shastry Associates Global Enterprises (SAGE)